Con excepción de algunos casos, los regímenes democráticos post-transicionales en América Latina han hecho poco por mejorar las condiciones referentes al respeto de los derechos y libertades civiles, incluido el derecho fundamental a la integridad física. En promedio, las democracias latinoamericanas son de las más represivas del mundo; incluso superan la media mundial de los regímenes autoritarios. Pese a la relevancia normativa y empírica del tema, en la literatura no hay estudios sistemáticos que cubran toda la variación existente en los niveles de represión en las democracias en AL. En perspectiva comparada, en esta pieza analizo los determinantes de la represión estatal en los regímenes democráticos en América Latina entre 1981-2005. Con el propósito de descifrar la lógica de la represión, introduzco una distinción entre represión centralizada, aquella en la que los gobernantes ordenan a los cuerpos estatales de seguridad ejecutar actos de represión contra la población y, represión descentralizada, caracterizada porque los cuerpos de seguridad pública ejecutan actos de represión contra la población de manera autónoma, violando un conjunto de reglas formales definidas previamente por las distintas ramas de gobierno. Con base en esta distinción argumento que, por un lado, la proclividad de los gobernantes electos a ordenar el uso de la represión está en función de la amenaza política y del funcionamiento del sistema político y, por otro, la... leer más
Con excepción de algunos casos, los regímenes democráticos post-transicionales en América Latina han hecho poco por mejorar las condiciones referentes al respeto de los derechos y libertades civiles, incluido el derecho fundamental a la integridad física. En promedio, las democracias latinoamericanas son de las más represivas del mundo; incluso superan la media mundial de los regímenes autoritarios. Pese a la relevancia normativa y empírica del tema, en la literatura no hay estudios sistemáticos que cubran toda la variación existente en los niveles de represión en las democracias en AL. En perspectiva comparada, en esta pieza analizo los determinantes de la represión estatal en los regímenes democráticos en América Latina entre 1981-2005. Con el propósito de descifrar la lógica de la represión, introduzco una distinción entre represión centralizada, aquella en la que los gobernantes ordenan a los cuerpos estatales de seguridad ejecutar actos de represión contra la población y, represión descentralizada, caracterizada porque los cuerpos de seguridad pública ejecutan actos de represión contra la población de manera autónoma, violando un conjunto de reglas formales definidas previamente por las distintas ramas de gobierno. Con base en esta distinción argumento que, por un lado, la proclividad de los gobernantes electos a ordenar el uso de la represión está en función de la amenaza política y del funcionamiento del sistema político y, por otro, la proclividad del comportamiento represivo por parte de las agencias estatales de seguridad depende de su impunidad. De estas proposiciones se derivan hipótesis específicas. Los resultados del análisis empírico sugieren que la violencia estatal en las democracias en AL es una respuesta a la violencia horizontal (síndrome de la violencia), se intensifica en sociedades étnicamente heterogéneas (síndrome de la discriminación étnica), y se institucionaliza a través del tiempo (síndrome de la represión institucionalizada). Un hallazgo aún preliminar también sugiere que la exclusión de grupos vulnerables al sistema legal es un determinante más de la represión estatal en esta región.
- Introducción
- I. Estudios sobre Represión Estatal: Represión Centralizada versus Represión Descentralizada
- II. La Lógica de la Represión Estatal en Regímenes Democráticos en América Latina
- III. Análisis Empírico. Casos, Datos, y Resultados
- IV. Investigación Futura
- Bibliografía
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